https://wajo.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/wajo <p>There is an urgent need to develop learning outcomes for Residents in orthodontics based on the analysis of the professional performance of an orthodontist. Once defined, this can be broken down into knowledge, skills and attitudes that must be imbibed.The skills must include clinical information gathering, treatment planning and procedures. The trainers must also ask the simple question of the teaching methods to adopt and the assessment tasks to find out whether the residents have achieved the intended outcomes within the context of their future professional role. Once our educational outcomes are clearly specified, then the decisions about teaching methods, course content, educational cum infrastructural environment,and assessment procedures are made in the context of these learning outcomes. According to Chadwick in 2004, 'the ability to reflect on our own actions, articulate what makes a successful performer and the desireto continually improve on that performance is, an essence, what lies at the heart of professionalism itself'. This is food for thought!</p> West African Journal of Orthodontics en-US West African Journal of Orthodontics 2315-9502 https://wajo.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/wajo/article/view/291 <p>Background: Cephalometric analysis is integral to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Although conventional manual tracing is accurate, it is time-consuming and prone to operator variability. Digital methods improve precision, yet their adoption in resource-limited settings is restricted by cost and hardware requirements. Smartphone-based applications such as OneCeph® offer a potential low-cost alternative, but independent validation of their accuracy and reliability remains limited. This study compared the reliability of cephalometric measurements obtained using OneCeph® and conventional manual analysis.</p> <p>Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using 40 high-quality lateral cephalometric radiographs. Ten standard parameters (six angular: Sella-Nasion-Apoint (SNA), Sella-nasion- B point (SNB), Apoint-Nasion- B point (ANB), Upper incisor to nasion-A point (UI- NA), Lower incisor to nasion- B point (LI- NB), Interincisal angle, and four linear: UINA, LI-NB, Upper lip to S-line, Lower lip to S-line ) were measured manually on acetate film and digitally using OneCeph® (version beta 1.1, NXS Soft Solutions, India). Data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson correlation, and paired t-tests, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05.</p> <p>Results: Participants' mean age was 20.7 ± 7.8 years; 60% were female. Digital tracings demonstrated good to excellent reliability for skeletal angular and soft tissue parameters (ICC = 0.83–0.91), while manual tracings were slightly more consistent for linear dental measurements (ICC = 0.94 for UI–NAand 0.83 for LI–NB). Statistically significant correlations (r ? 0.90, p &lt; 0.001) were observed between both methods for 9 of 10 parameters. However, paired t-test showed a statistically significant mean difference for SNA, SNB, UI–NA°, LI–NB (mm), UL-to-S-line, and LL-to-S-line.</p> <p>Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of OneCeph® smartphone-based digital cephalometric analysis in resource-limited settings. However, the statistically significant differences in some parameters observed between digital and nanual methods suggest that results obtained using such applications should be interpreted with caution.</p> <p>Keywords: Cephalometric analysis; manual tracing; OneCeph; digital tracing; smartphone application.</p> SS Etim MO Orikpete EV Orikpete Copyright (c) 2026 2026-04-01 2026-04-01 14 2 4 12 https://wajo.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/wajo/article/view/292 <p>Background: Orthodontic interventions, though effective in correcting malocclusions, can lead to undesirable oral complications that may affect treatment efficiency and patient comfort. Therefore, this study aimed to document complications occurring during and shortly after orthodontic management and the treatment duration with fixed or removable appliances at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, between 2021 and 2023, in order to examine relationship between these complications and treatment length.</p> <p>Methods: This was a retrospective analysis that involved the review of clinical records of patients who received orthodontic care within the study period. Information on complication categories, duration of treatment, and appliance type was extracted. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 25), and associations between variables were tested with the Chi-square method. Approval for the study was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IPH/OAU/12/2034).</p> <p>Results: Out of 90 eligible patient records, the most common adverse event was gingival hyperplasia (63.1%), followed by gingival pain and swelling (17.9%), mucosal ulceration (9.5%), and other less frequent periodontal issues (9.5%). A statistically significant difference was observed between complication type and treatment stage (?² = 19.13, df = 7, p = 0.008). Astatistically significant difference was also seen between complication type and treatment duration (?² = 52.41, df = 21, p &lt; 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion: Orthodontic complications varied between stages of treatment and duration. Gingival hyperplasia emerged as the predominant complication, particularly in prolonged treatment cases. Routine periodontal assessment and timely intervention may reduce the incidence and severity of such outcomes.</p> AD Fadeju NM Shobayo Copyright (c) 2026 2026-04-01 2026-04-01 14 2 13 20 https://wajo.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/wajo/article/view/293 <p>Background: Acase of a 35-year-old female physician who presented to the department of Child Dental Health, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital with complaints that she has never been caught smiling on camera due to the arrangement of her teeth. She was observed to have Angle's class III sub-division left malocclusion on skeletal base pattern III, complicated by crossbite of all anterior teeth, a tongue sucking habit, severe spacing on both arches and a compromise of her lower anterior periodontal tissues. Baseline cephalometric values were SNA 83?, SNB 91?, ANB -8?, UIFP 136? and LIMP103?.</p> <p>Methods: Acomprehensive fixed orthodontic therapy of both arches was done using preadjusted edgewise Roth's 022 slot in addition to a fixed tongue rake on the upper arch. The work up to her management involved the preventive and restorative dentists.</p> <p>Results: At the end of management patient was discharged with class I molar relationship, the anterior crossbites were corrected and all the spaces were effectively closed-up. Cephalometric values at the time of debonding were SNA85?, SNB 90?, ANB -5?, UIFP126? and LIMP85.5?.</p> <p>Conclusion: After 25 months of management, the patient was satisfied with the aesthetic and psychosocial outcomes of management. Retention was done with both fixed and ESSIX retainers on both arches.</p> EI Chukwuma SS Etim CO Onyeaso Copyright (c) 2026 2026-04-01 2026-04-01 14 2 21 32 https://wajo.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/wajo/article/view/294 <p>Background? Dental anomalies involve abnormalities in the number, size and shape of teeth, structural defects or eruption pattern disruptions. Endocrine disorders are associated with various dental and occlusal anomalies including enamel defects, delayed tooth eruption, changes in tooth size and position, crowding, spacing, deep bite, open bites, crossbites. The identification of dental and occlusal anomalies are important since they can cause disturbances such as malocclusion, increased susceptibility to caries and aesthetic concerns.</p> <p>Aim? To determine the prevalence and distribution of dental and occlusal anomalies amongst paediatric patients with endocrine disorders in LUTH.</p> <p>Methods? Cross -Sectional study conducted at the Paediatric Endocrinology clinic, LUTH. Informed consent, assent and ethical approval was obtained. Forty -Two Participants were recruited via convenient sampling technique, aged 7-18 years. Clinical examination was done with dental examination sets. Data was analyzed with p value set at &lt;0.05.</p> <p>Results? The prevalence of dental and occlusal anomalies was 64.3%, mean age was 11.31 ± 4.3 years. Females 59.5% and males 40.5%. The frequencies of the anomalies included Crowding 11.9%, Crossbite 14.3%,Open bite 16.7%, Missing teeth 9.5%, Enamel defects 23.8%, Microdontia 2.4%, Malformed teeth 2.2%.</p> <p>Conclusion? Dental and occlusal anomalies are prevalent and commonly distributed amongst paediatric patients with endocrine disorders. Timely identification can minimize complications and enable a more favorable prognosis.</p> AY Adeloye EE Oyenusi IL Utomi VN Ibenye Mo Alayo Copyright (c) 2026 2026-04-01 2026-04-01 14 2 33 48